Sustuinable Development

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Sustainable development arise because of the assumption that the market economy is not always concerned about the environment. The difference between the market "perfect" and the environment as a fundamental reason why economic activities lead to environmental degradation. These differences led to the emergence of environmental economics, as a public policy intervention in the allocation of environmental resources through non-market activities or to correct market failures. The concept of sustainable development is a planning concept which emphasizes the principles of balance between economic, social, and cultural rights as the primary objective with the principles of environmental sustainability.

In the context of sustainable development, especially in the spatial dimension has received little attention. The importance of spatial elements derived from the mutual relations are (1) the global and local influence (2) global trends will affect local. Economic structure and environment in a specific region of an area to determine the sensitivity of the economic power and the external environment (Bergh and Nijkamp, 1999). Therefore, the study of sustainability in a multi-regional system could be useful in the spatial implications of global sustainability, both in regional and international activities.

The concept of sustainable development is essentially founded on three basic pillars, namely economic, social, and environmental. The third approach is not an approach that stands partially, but interact to influence each other. Sustainable development is the process of bringing these three development processes in a balanced way. At the local level, sustainable development requires that economic development can sustain people's lives through the use of resources locally. If the results of economic development (welfare) is to be distributed in the long run, the protection of the environment to prevent ecological damage is one way to go (ICLEI, 1996). Schematically, the relationship between the three basic pillars of sustainable development can be described as follows:


In principle, the concept of sustainable development promote economic and social development and environmental protection. These three aspects should be run in a balanced and mutually supportive. Sustainable development considering that aspects of development undertaken sustain and support developments in the future. Sustainable development describes the alignment and harmony in the use of natural resources, and the resources made ​​by taking into account ongoing conservation efforts.

Sustainable development can be called if it fulfills the criteria of economic, socially beneficial, and preserve the environment. At first, the concept of sustainable development is dominated by the economic dimension. The dimensions of the environment started to receive attention in the eighties. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was the starting point in the consideration of the social dimension of sustainable development. One important result of the conference was the establishment of a commission of sustainable development (CSD - Commission on Sustainable Development). The Commission has produced an agreement to implement the concept of sustainable development as set out in Agenda 21 (Sugiyono, 2004).

The concept of sustainable development, especially economic development, is based on the available capacity of the natural resource, environmental and social character. In the past, development activities which are focused on growth and led to negative impacts of ecological deterioration and depletion of natural resources. Therefore, the management of national resources and the environment in the future should be based on an important aspect of the production and activity space for conservation and environmental health. Therefore, regional development, urban and rural, can no longer be based solely on economic development, but should be based on sustainable development (Hall and Ulrich, 2000).

Hereinafter defined sustainable development as "development that is intended to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the opportunities of future generations to meet life" (IISD, 2005). According Askary (2003) sustainable development and environmentally sound can be defined as "a conscious and deliberate effort, which integrates the environment, including resource into the development process for assure abilities, well-being and quality of life for present and future generations to come". While the concept of sustainable development by Urban 21 (2000) is how to improve the quality of life in a region, including the quality of the ecological, cultural, political, institutional and socio-economic components without leaving a burden (depletion of natural resources and increasing debt) on the next generation.

On the other hand, Munro (1995) states that sustainable development is a set of activities that can improve the lives of people in various aspects and the increase can be maintained. Meanwhile, world commission for environment and development (WECD) defines sustainable development as development that is intended to meet the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In other words, sustainable development is defined as development that prioritize the use of resources that do not jeopardize the future use (WECD, 1987). Not only that, the sustainability here should include the three basic principles of the above, one can not only fulfilled. In its development, sustainable development is also intended to seek innovative strategies to change the institutional structure and policies and changes in the behavior of the individual to the global level (IISD, 2005).

In order for development to be sustainable it ideally benefits must be sustainable and continuously maintained. This means that development must meet a variety of objectives in a balanced way, both economic, environmental, and social (WCED, 1987; Munro, 1995; Meadows, 1999; IISD, 2005).

1. Economically Sustainable
Economically sustainable principles relating to costs and benefits, rather the benefits should outweigh the impact. Sustainable economic system must be able to produce goods and services continually, to keep management and other levels of government.

2. Socially Sustainable
Socially sustainable means reflects the interaction between development and the social norms prevailing in society. An activity is socially sustainable if it can integrate with social norms or not contrary to the public tolerance to change. Socially sustainable system must be able to achieve uniformity of distribution, the provision of social services including health and education, as well as accountability and participation.

3. Environmentally Sustainable
Ecologically sustainable, it implies to keep humans and other species that interact with it, now and in the future, so as to improve the quality of life. Environmentally sustainable system must be able to maintain stable resources, avoiding excessive exploitation of renewable resource systems, and maintain the natural resources that can not be updated so that it can be used optimally. In other words, development should not destroy the ecosystem that now exists, instead the species should be conserved for future purposes.

In development and implementation of sustainable development, the role of local government is very fundamental. As a self-regulating system, a local government consisting of a control system (government) and an object (or the community). The local government will play a role as an institution that has legitimacy and is responsible for the development and implementation of sustainable development through the policy-making process does. In an effort to generate policy-oriented cities to achieve sustainable conditions, local governments will need a set of indicators that will provide direction and guidance to local authorities about whether the policies that have been implemented are on the ideal track. Development of indicators of sustainable development is one of The set action towards more sustainable development.

Operationalization or implementation of the concept of sustainable development requires indicators to assess its effectiveness, in this case to know whether an activity, program or policy can be said to be sustainable (sustainable) or unsustainable (unsustainable). These indicators will provide advice to the government regarding the actions to be taken to overcome the problems faced. Need for indicators that are specifically developed to look at the internal management of local governments in determining whether a city has implemented a policy of sustainable development. Although global commitment to sustainable development implementation formally developed after the declaration of Johannesburg in 2002, but the efforts of indicators of sustainability have started much earlier.

Ideal criteria for the sustainable development indicators (Warren, 1997):

1. Indicators should reflect a basic or fundamental long-term economic and social environment for generations to come;
2. Easy to understand and clear: simple, understandable and accessible to the public;
3. Can be quantitatified;
4. Sensitive to changes in the location or group of people;
5. Predictive and anticipatory;
6. Have a reference or threshold value;
7. Relatively easy to use;
8. Aspects of quality: the methodology used to construct the indicators should be clearly defined with accurate, scientifically and socially acceptable, and
9. Sensitive to the Time: if applied every year to show the trend indicator representative.